Colorectal Cancer Surgery

Colorectal cancer surgery is a procedure to remove cancer from the colon or rectum. The surgeon takes out the tumor, nearby lymph nodes, and a margin of healthy tissue to prevent the cancer from spreading. Depending on the tumor’s location, part of the colon or rectum may be reconnected, or a temporary or permanent stoma may be created. Surgery can be performed using open, laparoscopic, or robotic techniques. It is often the main treatment for early-stage disease and may be combined with chemotherapy or radiation for more advanced cases. The goal is to eliminate cancer and improve long-term survival.

A. Colon Cancer

1)Colectomy (colon resection)

Partial colectomy – Removes the part of the colon with the tumor + nearby lymph nodes. The remaining parts are reconnected (anastomosis).

Total colectomy – Removal of the entire colon (less common; used for multiple cancers or genetic conditions).

B. Rectal Cancer

Proctectomy (rectal resection)

1)Low Anterior Resection (LAR) – For upper/mid-rectal tumors; rectum is removed but the anus is preserved.

2)Abdominoperineal Resection (APR) – For very low tumors; rectum and anus removed → permanent colostomy.

3)Transanal Excision – For early, small tumors; done through the anus without abdominal incisions.

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